DO HUMAN RIGHTS TREATIES MATTER: THE CASE FOR THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE RIGHTS OF PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26843/relacoessociaistrabalhista.v8i1.403Palavras-chave:
People with Disabilities; United Nation Convention; Human Rights; Treats.Resumo
RESUMO: Nos Estados Unidos, e em muitas outras partes do mundo, estamos testemunhando ataques aos direitos humanos básicos. Como a pobreza, a desigualdade e o sofrimento são evidentes em tantas partes do mundo hoje, há quem diga que todo o regime de direitos humanos falhou. Esse autor não concorda. Embora seja verdade que os tratados de direitos humanos não tenham realizado todo o seu potencial em todos os países que os ratificaram, os tratados de direitos humanos “importam”.Este artigo defende os tratados de direitos humanos refeindo-se ao sucesso da Convenção sobre os Direitos das Pessoas com Deficiência (CDPD), que foi adotada pela ONU em 2006 e ratificada por 177 países. A CDPD estimulou o desenvolvimento de novas leis, políticas e práticas que estão transformando as sociedades e oferecendo novas proteções e oportunidades para pessoas com e sem deficiência. A CDPD também está criando novas normas dentro do próprio sistema internacional de direitos humanos. Com base no impacto da CDPD até o momento, o regime do tratado de direitos humanos não apenas não falhou, mas está, de fato, prosperando.
Referências
AL-AZZEH, Muhanned. Mirror of Reality and a Tool For Change: Civil Society Repot on the Status of the Implementation of the Convention on the Rights of People With Disabilities in Jordan, in KANTER CRPD DEVELOPMENT, supra note 13, at 115.
BARBARA HILLYER, FEMINISM AND DISABILITY (1993); Susan Wendell, Toward a Feminist Theory of Disability, 28 HYPATIA: FEMINIST ETHICS & MED. 104 (1989).
BECO, Gauthier de; HOEFMANS, Alexander. National Structures for the Implementation and Monitoring of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, in article 33 of the un convention on the rights of persons with disabilities: national structures for the implementation and monitoring of the convention 18 (2013).
BRIGITTE ROHWERDER, INST. DEV. STUDIES, DISABILITY IN SOUTH SUDAN (2016), https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5af96f2fe5274a25dbface4c/ Disability_in_South_Sudan.pdf [https://perma.cc/R3N7-D6BA] (archived Apr. 24, 2019); South Sudan, HUMANITY & INCLUSION, https://www.hi-us.org/south_sudan (last visited Apr. 24, 2019) [https://perma.cc/TP2T-8SAN] (archived Apr. 24, 2019).
BURTON, Emilie M. HafnerBurton; TSUTSUI, Kiyoteru. Justice Lost! The Failure of International Human Rights Law to Matter Where Needed Most, 44 J. PEACE RES. 407, 411 (2007); Emilie M. HafnerBurton & Kiyoteru Tsutsui, Human Rights in a Globalizing World: The Paradox of Empty Promises, 110 AM. J. SOC. 1373, 1377–78 (2005).
CHAYES, Abram Chayes; CHAYES, Antonia Handler. On Compliance, 47 INT’L ORG. 175, 178 (1993).
CLARK, Rob. Technical and Institutional States: Loose Coupling in the Human Rights Sector of the World Polity, 51 SOC. Q. 65, 68 (2010).
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, adopted Dec. 13, 2006, 2515 U.N.T.S. 3 (entered into force May 3, 2008) [hereinafter CRPD].
CONVENTION AGAINST TORTURE, AND OTHER CRUEL, INHUMAN OR DEGRADING TREATMENT OR PUNISHMENT, OPENED FOR SIGNATURE Dec. 10, 1984, 1465 U.N.T.S. 85 (entered into force June 26, 1987).
CONVENTION FOR THE PROTECTION OF ALL PERSONS FROM ENFORCED DISAPPEARANCE. adopted Dec. 20, 2006, 2716 U.N.T.S. 3 (entered into force Dec. 23, 2010) [hereinafter CPPED].
CONVENTION ON THE PROTECTION OF THE RIGHTS OF ALL MIGRANT WORKERS AND MEMBERS OF THEIR FAMILIES. Dec. 18, 1990, 2220 U.N.T.S. 3.
CONVENTION ON THE RIGHTS OF THE CHILD, opened for signature Nov. 20, 1989, 1577 U.N.T.S. 3 (entered into force Sept. 2, 1990).
CONVENTION ON THE ELIMINATION OF ALL FORMS OF DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN. Dec. 18, 1979, 1249 U.N.T.S. 13, 19 I.L.M. 33 [hereinafter CEDAW]; International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, opened for signature Dec. 16, 1966, 999 U.N.T.S. 171 (entered into force Mar. 23, 1976); International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, opened for signature Dec. 16, 1966, 993 U.N.T.S. 3 (entered into force Jan. 3, 1976); International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, Mar. 7, 1966, 660 U.N.T.S. 195.
CONVENTION ON THE RIGHTS OF PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES (CRPD), U.N. DEP’T OF ECON. & SOC. AFFAIRS, https://www.un.org/development/desa/disabilities/convention-on-therights-of-persons-with-disabilities.html (last visited Mar. 15, 2019) [https://perma.cc/ 5ZHF-DMCP] (archived Feb. 19, 2019) [hereinafter United Nations—Disability].
CONVENTION ON CLUSTER MUNITIONS. May 30, 2008, 2688 U.N.T.S. 39; Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, Dec. 18, 2002, 2375 U.N.T.S. 237.
CONVENTION ON THE PROHIBITION OF THE USE, STOCKPILING, PRODUCTION AND TRANSFER OF ANTI-PERSONNEL MINES AND ON THEIR DESTRUCTION, Sept. 18, 1997, 2056 U.N.T.S. 211.
GLOB. DISABILITY RIGHTS NOW! Coalition Building to Prevent Gender-Based Violence (GBV), (Jan. 19, 2018), https://www.globaldisabilityrightsnow.org/ impact/kenya/coalition-building-prevent-gender-based-violence-gbv [https://perma.cc/ S697-Q5FQ] (archived Feb. 20, 2019); Strengthening Implementation and Enforcement of Disability Rights Laws in Peru, MOBILITY INT’L USA (May 2–6, 2017), http://www.miusa.org/event/2017/perutraining [https://perma.cc/2TXS-LMXP] (archived Feb. 20, 2019).
GLOB. DISABILITY RIGHTS NOW!, VIET NAM INITIAL STATE REPORT ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE RIGHTS OF PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES 4 (2017), https://www.globaldisabilityrightsnow.org/sites/default/ files/related-files/258/2017%20Vietnam%20Initial%20State%20Implementation% 20Report.pdf (last visited Mar. 1, 2019) [https://perma.cc/8EMN-SC9R] (archived Feb. 20, 2019) (discussing the legal framework for the protection of human rights in general and the rights of persons with disabilities in particular at the national level).
DIZKES, Peter Dizikes. Why Sign Rights Treaties?, MIT NEWS (Oct. 20, 2014), http://news.mit.edu/2014/why-sign-human-rights-treaties-1020 [https://perma.cc/X2NU-UXDQ] (archived Feb. 15, 2019).
DOWNS, George W. [et al.], Is the Good News About Compliance Good News About Cooperation?, 50 INT’L ORG. 379, 380 (1996).
GALEA, Alicia. No Freedom for Afghan Women: The Taliban Hides Behind Religion to Control Its People, 78 U. DET. MERCY L. REV. 341, 368 (2001).
GENERAL ASSEMBLY, General Assembly Adopts Groundbreaking Convention, Optional Protocol on Rights of Persons with Disabilities, U.N. Press Release GA/10554 (Dec. 13, 2006).
GOODLIFFE, Jay; HAWKINS, Darren G. Explaining Commitment: States and the Convention Against Torture, 68 J. POL. 353, 363 (2006).
GOODMAN, Ryan; JINKS, Derek. Measuring the Effects of Human Rights Treaties, 14 EUR. J. INT’L L. 171, 179 (2003).
GRAY, Mark M. [et al.], Women and Globalization: A Study of 180 Countries, 1975-2000, 60 INT’L ORG. 293, 295 (2006).
HANDICAP INT’L, https://hi.org/ (last visited Mar. 1, 2019) [https://perma.cc/E5TN-RKJQ] (archived Mar. 1, 2019).
HATHAWAY, Oona A. Between Power and Principle: An Integrated Theory of International Law, 72 U. CHI. L. REV. 477, 481–83 (2005).
HATHAWAY, Oona A.. Do Human Rights Treaties Make a Difference?, 111 YALE L.J. 1935, 1940 (2002) [hereinafter Hathaway Study].
HATHAWAY, Oona. Testing Conventional Wisdom, 14 EUR. J. INT’L L. 185 (2003).
HATHAWAY, Oona A. The Cost of Commitment, 55 STAN. L. REV. 1823, 1833 (2003).
HATHAWAY, Oona A. Why Do Countries Commit to Human Rights Treaties?, 51 J. CONFLICT RES. 588, 611–12 (2007).
HOFFMAN, Steven J. [et al.], Is the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Impacting Mental Health Laws and Policies in High-Income Countries? A Case Study of Implementation in Canada, 16 BMC INT’L HEALTH & HUM. RTS. 28, 31 (2016).
HUM. RTS. WATCH. United States Ratification of International Human Rights Treaties, (July 24, 2009), http://www.hrw.org/news/ 2009/07/24/united-states-ratification-international-human-rights-treaties [https://perma.cc/X2CB-XG4V] (archived Feb. 15, 2019) [hereinafter US Ratification].
HUM. RIGHTS COUNCIL. Thematic Study by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on the Structure and Role of National Mechanisms for the Implementation and Monitoring of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, U.N. Doc. A/HRC/13/29 ¶ 15 (2009);
KANTER, ARLENE S., The development of disability rights under international law: from charity to Human Rights 295–98 (2015) [hereinafter KANTER CRPD DEVELOPMENT].
____________. The Americans with Disabilities Act at 25 Years: Lessons to Learn from the UN Convention on the Rights of People with Disabilities, 63 DRAKE L. REV. 819, 831–40 (2015) [hereinafter Kanter ADA].
___________. The Failure of the United States to Ratify the Convention on the Rights of People with Disabilities, in RECOGNISING RIGHTS IN DIFFERENT CULTURAL CONTEXTS: THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE RIGHTS OF PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES (CRPD) (forthcoming 2019)
___________. Inclusive Education Under International Law, in THE RIGHT TO INCLUSIVE EDUCATION IN INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW (2019)
KANTER, Arlene S.; TOLUB, Yotam. The Fight for Personhood, Legal Capacity and Equal Recognition Under Law for People with Disabilities in Israel and Beyond, 39 CARDOZO L. REV. 557, 559 (2017).
KANTER, Arlene S.. The Law: What's Disability Studies Got to Do with It or an Introduction to Disability Legal Studies, 42 COLUM. HUM. RTS. L. REV. 403, 419 (2011).
KATHRYN SIKKINK & MARGARET E. KECK, ACTIVISTS BEYOND BORDERS 79 (1998).
KAYE, David. Stealth Multilateralism: U.S. Foreign Policy Without Treaties—or the Senate, 92 FOREIGN AFF. 113 (2013).
KEATING, Joshua .(Oct. 21, 2014), http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_world_/ 2014/10/21/why_countries_make_human_rights_pledges_they_have_no_intention_of_h onoring.html [https://perma.cc/X43K-VX9T] (archived Feb. 15, 2019).
KLIMAS, Liz. Republicans Defeat Ratification of the U.N.’s ‘Rights of Persons With Disabilities’ Treaty in Senate, THE BLAZE (Dec. 4, 2012), https://www.theblaze.com/news/2012/12/04/republicans-defeat-ratification-of-the-u-n-srights-of-persons-with-disabilities-treaty-in-senate [https://perma.cc/Y7TY-4SUE] (archived Feb. 15, 2019).
KOH, Harold Hongju, How Is International Human Rights Law Enforced?, 74 IND. L. REV. 1397, 1402 (1999).
LORD, Janet E.; STEIN, Michael Ashley Stein. Ratify the UN Disability Treaty, FOREIGN POL’Y IN FOCUS (July 9, 2009), http://fpif.org/ratify_the_un_disability_treaty/ [https://perma.cc/D3TF-8AAL] (archived Feb. 15, 2019).
MACKENZIE, Yamile. The Campaign for Universal Birth Registration in Latin America: Ensuring All Latin American Children’s Inherent Right to Life and Survival by First Guaranteeing their Right to a Legal Identity, 37 GA. J. INT’L & COMP. L. 519, 547–49 (2009). In fact, after ratifying the CRC, almost all of the Latin American countries embarked on “an initial cycle of legislative reforms.” The creation of new laws, however, led to problems because in all of the countries in the region, the ratification of the CRC did not lead to the automatic repeal of “old child laws” that were in existence before the CRC.
MAKALE, Hakemli Makale. Civil and Political Rights vs. Social and Economic Rights: A Brief Overview, 6 J. BITLIS EREN U. 205, 209 (2017).
MINISTER OF STATE FOR IMMIGRATION AND ETHNIC AFFAIRS v. Ah Hin Teoh (1995) 183 CLR 273 (Austl.)
MOYN, Samuel, A Powerless Companion: Human Rights in the Age of Neoliberalism, 77 LAW & CONTEMP. PROBS. 147, 150 (2014).
______________. Human Rights in the Age of Inequality, Can Human Rights Bring Social Justice?, AMNESTY INT’L NETH., https://www.amnesty.nl/content/uploads/ 2015/10/can_human_rights_bring_social_justice.pdf (last visited July 8, 2018) [https://perma.cc/TM5B-MSQ8] (archived Feb. 15, 2019).
MUTUA, Makau, HUMAN RIGHTS: A POLITICAL AND CULTURAL CRITIQUE X (2002).
PANJABI, Ranee Khooshie Lal, Sacrificial Lambs of Globalization: Child Labor in the TwentyFirst Century, 37 DENV. J. INT’L L. & POL’Y 421, 445–47, 460 (2009).
POSNER, Eric A., Have Human Rights Treaties Failed? Human Rights Law is Too Ambitious and Ambiguous, N.Y. TIMES (Dec. 28, 2014), https://www.nytimes.com/ roomfordebate/2014/12/28/have-human-rights-treaties-failed [https://perma.cc/9M6DEV9D] (archived Feb. 15, 2019).
RAGOZIN, Leonid Ragozin. Left Behind: Russian prisoners who didn't make the headlines, AL JAZEERA (Jan. 18, 2014), https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/ 2014/01/left-behind-russian-prisoners-who-didn-make-headlines20141875744768429.html [https://perma.cc/FX5Q-Z3SW] (archived Feb. 19, 2019).
SHELTON, Dinah. Recent Books on International Law, 109 AM. J. INT’L L. 228, 228–34 (2015).
SIKKINK, Kathryn. Evidence for hope: Marking Human Rights work for the 21st Century at 20 (2017).
SIKKINK, Kathryn, Latin America’s Protagonist Role in Human Rights, INT’L J. HUM. RTS. (Dec. 2015), http://sur.conectas.org/en/latin-americasprotagonist-role-human-rights/ [https://perma.cc/76HK-NFFY] (archived Feb. 15, 2).
SIMMONS, Beth. Mobilizing for Human Rights: International Law in domestic politics 317–35 (2009).
SMITH, James F. NAFTA and Human Rights: A Necessary Linkage, 27 U.C. DAVIS L. REV. 793, 808–10 (1994).
UNITED NATIONS, Member States, http://www.un.org/en/memberstates/index.html (last visited Feb. 19, 2019) [https://perma.cc/2EKU-BFE5] (archived Feb. 15, 2019).
________________. DEP’T ECON. & SOC. AFFAIRS. 10th anniversary of the adoption of Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD), , https://www.un.org/development/desa/disabilities/convention-on-the-rights-of-personswith-disabilities/the-10th-anniversary-of-the-adoption-of-convention-on-the-rights-ofpersons-with-disabilities-crpd-crpd-10.html (last visited Mar. 1, 2019) [https://perma.cc/S8HH-PQJC] (archived Feb. 19, 2019).
_______________. WOMEN. Facts and figures: Ending violence against women. (Nov. 2018), http://www.unwomen.org/en/what-we-do/ending-violence-against-women/facts-andfigures [https://perma.cc/2KJX-Q9G8] (archived Feb. 15, 2019).
_______________. TREATY COLLECTION. Multilateral Treaties Deposited with the Secretary-General, Chapter IV: Human Rights, https://treaties.un.org/Pages/Treaties.aspx? id=4&subid=A&lang=en (last visited Mar. 15, 2019) [https://perma.cc/7UKQ-63JM] (archived Feb. 15, 2019) [hereinafter Treaty Collection].
_______________. HUMAN RIGHTS OFFICE OF THE HIGH COMM’R, States Parties Reports. http://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/treatybodyexternal/TBSearch.aspx?Lang =en&TreatyID=4&DocTypeID=29 [https://perma.cc/XZC9-4W79] (archived Mar. 11, 2019).
_______________. HUMAN RIGHTS OFFICE OF THE HIGH COMM’R. Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities: General Comments, , http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/CRPD/Pages/GC.aspx (last visited Mar. 15, 2019) [https://perma.cc/DBD4-WBNR] (archived Mar. 11, 2019).
_______________. HUMAN RIGHTS OFFICE OF THE HIGH COMM’R. Concluding Observations, , http://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/treatybodyexternal/TBSearch.aspx? Lang=en&TreatyID=4&DocTypeID=5 [https://perma.cc/K5G9-TS3U] (archived Mar. 11, 2019).
VENETIS, Penny M. Making Human Rights Treaty Law Actionable in the United States: The Case for Universal Implementing Legislation, 63 ALA. L. REV. 97, 100–01 (2011).
WORLD BANK GRP. [WBG], Disability Inclusion and Accountability Framework, at 2 (Jan. 1, 2018), http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/437451528 442789278/pdf/126977-WP-PUBLIC-DisabilityInclusionAccountabilitydigital.pdf [https://perma.cc/RQ26-LS9D] (archived Mar. 14, 2019) (USAID programs that focus on inclusive development).
WUERTH, Ingrid B., International Law in the Post-Human Rights Era, 96 TEX. L. REV. 279, 284 (2017).
Downloads
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Seção
Licença
Copyright (c) 2022 Arlene S. Kanter

Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.